A Look At Greek Lyric Poetry And John Cage Essay

Music goes beyond language barriers; it speaks no language but that of the heart. However, like all art forms it has tenets and principles as to what is good music and what is simply noise. How about when artists claim that their works are music when it seems that these are perceived to be avant garde, not the kind of music that dominates the cultural period and worse, does not come from tradition? This paper seeks to take a look at the music in Hellenistic Greece, in particular a lyric by one of its known muses, Sappho, with her only surviving complete work, Ode to Aphrodite, and compare it with what is considered to be experimental composition from John Cage, his 4’33†. Both pieces were meant to be performed – although how these are performed also raised questions. Ancient Greece is revered to be a center of learning, where arts and culture flourished. It was one of the places where the earliest treatises on the different art forms were written, and they were keen to what constituted good and bad art, giving raise even to debates as to what is the function of art. Plato was known to promote the arts that will inspire people’s thinking, not their emotions, for he considered human emotions a weakness, and also because during that time musical scales developed from the study of the harmony in the universe, the mathematical equations used by the Pythagoreans (Henderson, 1957). It was because of this that he did not approve of the poets’ lyrics, because it deviated from the musical modes they were used to and relied on what sounded good to the ear, making music became accessible to the people (Anderson, 1966). Sappho was one of those poets whose lyric poetry when sung communicated the love and sensuality it contained, as with her work Ode to Aphrodite, deviating from their traditionally highly mathematically composed melodies where people were supposed to be quiet and listen to rigidly, for her lyric love poems were made to be felt and inspire emotion. In this way, Sappho, and her contemporary poets at the time helped create a turn for Greek music. Like Sappho, John Cage contributed to music with his compositions, characterized as avant-garde especially his chance pieces. However, his work that challenged perceptions and definition of music is his notorious 4’33†, a piece where for four minutes and thirty-three seconds the orchestra plays nothing. John Cage wrote this piece when he realized that there will always be sound, and deliberately wrote â€Å"Tacet†, to instruct the musician not to play. What Cage wanted for the audience to hear was the different sounds that occur during the interval the piece is played – all the various sounds that one does not pay attention to because they listen to something else. This is different from silence, unless the figuratively the sound of silence, since Cage’s point was that there is always sound if one listens intently (Cage, 1973). Both Sappho and Cage’s music differed from one another in that Sappho was expressing herself through her poetry, while Cage was making the listener turn to his environment. Although created in different environment and cultures, both musical pieces can be interpreted in a personal way, making it a unique experience. Sappho’s Ode to Aphrodite can mean something else to a modern listener than it used to in ancient Greece, and of course Cage’s 4’33† would always conjure something unique for each individual. What this shows us is that although music is made in a certain era, it can transcend the boundaries of time as long as it resonates with what is human and universal, as an appreciation for the sounds around us and those that speak of love, and that although music is governed by principles of what makes it good, it will always be a matter of personal experience. SOURCES: Anderson, W. (1966). Ethos and Education in Greek Music. Cambridge, HUP. Cage, John. (1973). Silence: Lectures and Writings, Wesleyan Paperback. Henderson, Isobel (1957). â€Å"Ancient Greek Music† in The New Oxford History of Music, vol. 1: Ancient and Oriental Music,† Oxford, Oxford University Press. http://homoecumenicus. com/ioannidis_ancient_greek_texts. htm, Accessed on June, 15, 2009. http://www. greylodge. org/occultreview/glor_013/433. htm , Accessed on June 15, 2009.

Chapter 1 Summary of Three Cups of Tea

â€Å"Failure† â€Å"Failure,† chapter one, in â€Å"Three Cups of Tea,† by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin, tells about a man’s compassion and determination through life, and the obstacles that would ultimately lead to his failure. Greg Mortenson was born into a compassionate family that greatly cared for the welfare of others. Being a kind man who loves his family, he maintains a close relationship with his sister, Christa, who suffers from frequent seizures.Mortenson, twelve years her senior, appointed himself her protector. After his sister’s untimely death, Mortenson sets out on an expedition to scale the second highest Summit in the world, and in order to honor his sister’s memory by leaving her necklace at the peak. During his journey to the top, Mortenson without hesitation assists in the exhausting rescue of a fellow mountaineer, Etienne Fine. After the rescue the severe and treacherous conditions had left him weak and unable t o go on.Due to this selfless act Mortenson is forced to give up his dream to reach the top, when he was merely 600 meters away. He goes on to describe his experience as agonizing, his deep wounds from the rescue unbearable, and his painful night of sleeping on jagged uneven rocks alone. He States, â€Å"It was his body that had failed, he decided, not his spirit, and every body had its limits† (16). Mortenson’s restrictions had altered his determination; and though he had failed he had learned a lot about his own mental and physical limits in life.

Communicating change Essay

When an organization is undergoing changes, the management must communicate to employees to ensure they support the decision. Changes in an organization may cause conflicts especially when all stakeholders are not aware the new aspects to be adopted. To communicate to employees about the changes when an organization is relocating to another state requires the managers to provide the strategies being adopted to safeguard the interests of employees. The management should consider the welfare of the employees by maintaining the employees while the organization is undergoing change. When an organization relocates its operations from one region to another, the management should support the employees to understand the new systems. Management strategies should be changed to match the current needs of the employees (Burke, 2002). When changes are communicated to employees, they may react to support or reject the new policies. When employees accept change, the management should change its management style by adding more opportunities to improve their morale. When employees reject change, the management should adopt a persuasive strategy where they will influence them to adopt the new policies. Some changes may be compulsory for the management to implement and in such cases, there is no option but to influence employees accept the new strategies. Managers should interact with employees to determine their needs so as to implement acceptable strategies. Teams within the organization should be created to create synergies among the employees during the change process. Team leaders should be elected to support other employees. All members of the organization should hold a general staff meeting to discuss about the new systems to be adopted. The organization should be prepared to provide resources to employees to relocate to the new offices. For example, the costs of carrying out the entire process can be covered by the management (Burke, 2002). Reference Burke, W. W. (2002). Organization change: theory and practice. ISBN 0761914838, Sage.

Church of Scientology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Church of Scientology - Essay Example The Church of Scientology International was established by L. Ron Hubbard in 1954. Groups connected with Scientology consist of Applied Scholastics, Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), Citizens Commission on Human Rights, Concerned Businessmen of America, Hubbard Dianetics Centers, Narconon or Criminon, Religious Technology Center, Sterling Management Systems and The Way to Happiness Foundation. Issuing ventures include New Era Publications, Bridge Publications, Inc. and Freedom magazine. The Church of Scientology developed from the inspired mastermind of Lafayette Ronald Hubbard. He was born in 1911 and he spent a lot of his childhood on his grandfather's Montana farm while his parents served overseas in the U.S. Navy. Throughout the 1920's, Hubbard began to visit his parents in Asia, where he gained knowledge about Taoism, Buddhism and other eastern beliefs. Hubbard afterward developed a profession as a science fiction writer and declared to have traveled all around the world. He supposedly received near deadly injuries in World War II and developed his distinctive hypothesis of science and philosophy while curing. These findings were later exposed to the public in his book, Dianetics. In 1954, Hubbard constructed the Church of Scientology to support his thoughts and techniques as a religious group. His books and church reached globally, while Hubbard became an enigmatic recluse. He died in 1986, after spending the majority of his last years wandering around silently on his ship. (Jacob, 2003). The Sea Organization frequently known as Sea Org was established in 1967 by L. Ron Hubbard. Orgs, for example "Los Angeles Org", are semi-autonomous unions which staff themselves as they see fit. The Sea Org is a more devoted, more influential group inside Scientology which completely staffs the superior Orgs. The Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, for example, is teamed up by Sea Org members. Even as every Org implements rules and manages penalizing dealings in its own area of the bigger organization which is the CoS, Sea Org members grasp the uppermost jobs. The Sea Org is often characterized as the leaders of Scientology, equally in terms of control in the organization and devotion to the cause. Scientologists seeking to move forward within the organization are encouraged to unite the Sea Org, which occupies dedicating their full time to Scientology missions in exchange for meals, berthing and a so-called honorarium. Members sign a contract pledging their faithfulness to Scien tology for the next billion years, consigning their future life span to the Sea Org. The Sea Org's motto is the Revenimus. (William Sims Bainbridge, 1980). However, the Church of Scientology teaches that mankind is everlasting and celestial. Man is cool, calm and collected to three extents including soul or "thetan", mind "an accumulation of all experiences in multiple lives" and body "the temporary and physical dimension". God is an indistinct perception. Scientology describes the Supreme Being with phrases such as infinity and the all ness of all. Engrams are the unaware mental metaphors that we record in our imprudent mind that have negative causes on our present and future lives. They are studied from our past lives, prenatal incidents, early infancy and stop us from recognizing our godly nature plus experiencing a

Bensha Swing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bensha Swing - Assignment Example According to Solis (185), a C major tonality is suggested by the chordal movement other than C Spanish Phrygian- it’s a relative minor f, harmonic or melodic, or its relative major, Aâ™ ­ major. Nonetheless, the song ends on a Dâ™ ­maj7(#11) instead of a C chord- a dislocation which is an attribute of Monk composition (Solis 186). This song was recorded first on the sessions for the album Thelonious Monk Trion by Monk in 1952. Later, it was recorded with Monk as a sideman on Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants album of the Miles Davis. This song was revisited by Monk on his acclaimed 1957 LP Brilliant Corners. Solis (193) asserts that this song was also covered by Rock band, Red Hot Chilly Peppers in the course of their 1989-1990 Mother’s Milk tour renaming their version F.U. and added some lyrics. Sincen then, jazz music has been changing daily with new styles, lyrics and musical instruments being invented and

Sexual Harassment Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example It commonly takes a pattern of behavior, but it can also take the form of a single incidence to direct towards a group of persons or an individual. It is noteworthy that all employees; whether supervisors, peers, or subordinates should treat one another with respect, tolerance, sensitivity, and impartiality. They should avoid any behavior that may create a hostile environment or intimidation at the work place. However, this is not the case in most of the workplaces as observed. Many types of behaviors fall under the same umbrella of sexual harassment. There are effective ways as outlined in the law to deal with sexual harassment. People consider sexual harassment as a â€Å"natural† practice based on pure sexual attraction (Petrocelli, and Barbara Kate, 3). A common say goes, â€Å"Boys will be boys†. They will always be attracted to women at all costs or any circumstance. Sexual harassment may result from the victim’s provocative dressing behavior, people statin g, â€Å"she was asking for it† (Resnik 660). That statement is what most of the culprits say. They also believe that sexual harassment is justified because women are working in jobs traditionally held by men i.e. â€Å"it is men’s work; women should not be there.† The tradition that women should not have power still operates for some persons. In that, they believe that women should primarily be homemakers.In most cases, what follows is that there are no consequences for the harasser, no incentives to report sexual harassment (Baillien, Inge, and Hans 5). The victim receives blame while, in other cases, it is said that a work environment is permissive of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is also about economic motivations. Men have used it in maintaining their competitiveness in the workplace. Their aim in doing this is to preserve their most rewarding jobs as they brand women in such positions as incompetent and unsuitable for such positions.Sexual harassmen t is a dignity insult in the workplace. Some theories characterize sexual harassment as a violation of dignity. They aim at prohibiting harassing behavior towards all workers regardless of gender (Heather, Vanessa, and Deborah 4). In fact, some Western European countries address such issues as â€Å"moral harassment,†, â€Å"workplace bullying† or â€Å"mobbing† thus; they focus less on the issue as a gender dynamic and more on the question of rights for all workers. Sexual harassment refers to any interaction be it verbal, or physical, that causes displeasure. This interaction could be verbal abuse, jokes, or conversations about sex or sexual suggestions or explicit language about sex that offends another person. Pressure for sex e.g. one could be flirting, asking for sex, staring or brushing up against a person’s body, is an offensive behavior. It includes any physical contact that a person does not want like patting, pinching, hugging kissing or any un needed touching (Baker 23). Showing any sexually explicit or degrading materials like posters, calendars, graffiti, or clothing with an offensive message is another conduct considered sexual harassment (Barickman, Barickman, and Paludi 133). Short message services (SMS) in mobile phones and emails or other communication tools that display offensive language is sexual harassment. A work-related event that is sexually oriented is a serious offence considered harassment. In some cases, an employer or fellow

HOW CAN PAIN BE ASSESSED EFFECTIVELY IN SEVERE DEMENTIA PATIENTS IN Literature review - 1

HOW CAN PAIN BE ASSESSED EFFECTIVELY IN SEVERE DEMENTIA PATIENTS IN HOSPITALS - Literature review Example Dementia is associated with significant cognitive impairment. Most of the patients with dementia have a longer stay at hospitals which is associated with the development of complications. Pain is commonly under diagnosed and undertreated in patients with dementia (Buffum and Haberfelde 2007), as the dementia patients cannot communicate properly. A pilot study was conducted by Buffum and Haberfelde 2007 to assess families and care givers perception on pain management in patients with dementia. The study was conducted among 34 family caregivers and the study concluded various strategies for assessment of pain that include regular observation and assessment. Even though there are several methods in the management and assessment of pain, still the identification of appropriate tool remains a concern in all care settings. Most of the studies report self report as the most effective tool for pain assessment. In a study conducted by Shega et al (2005) among 115 dyads, 37 patients with demen tia and 57 caregivers reported that direct self report of pain is the most appropriate tool for assessment of pain and the treatment should be done accordingly. The study suggested that the clinicians should routinely assess the pain, caregiver depression and patient agitation, as the study has reported caregiver reported pain during caregiver depression. A study by Pautex et al 2005, also supports the use of self assessment report for pain management. The prospective clinical study was conducted among 160 patients, where 97%, 90% and 40% of patients with mild, moderate and severe dementia understood the use of the self assessment scale. The study concluded that self assessment works well among patients with mild and moderate dementia. The study also suggests the use of observational pain rating scales, along with the use of self assessment reports in pains with advanced dementia. Observational scale along with self-assessment correlates

Identify Components of a Typical Contract Essay

Identify Components of a Typical Contract - Essay Example Parties must meet the legal capacity to enter into valid contracts (Miller & Jentz, 2012). This implies that parties must be of age, to understand stipulations of a contract and be of sound mind. It must be noted that minors of age below eighteen years cannot enter into a contract. Another requirement to be met by parties entering into contracts is that concerned parties must ensure that the contract is free from any form of future misunderstandings and has no loopholes. An offer must be made, and consideration be made for exchange. The purpose for which any contract is made must be for legal objectives. Lastly, parties meeting all the legal requirements seal the contract (Meiners, Ringleb & Edwards, 2012). The law also stipulates measures to be taken should any of the parties fail to honor terms of the agreement or perform breach of contract. The injured party could rescind the contract or set free the breaching party off any responsibilities coming because of the contract implement ation? The other option available is for the parties to reach an agreement on notation (Walston-Dunham, 2012). The injured side has a right to ask for compensation from the defaulter for damages or loss incurred. The injured party can file for a court order restraining the other party from undertaking any transaction direct related to the agreement. All rules relating to how contracts are formed and how every party is supposed to behave are contained in the law of contract (Walston-Dunham, 2012). Case 1 The two parties here are on contract, to sell ten acres of land. The seller, Krauses in the first instance offered a price less than the actual market value and a contract was formed both parties. The contract is legally binding in all terms and both parties are required to observe stated term. Krauses cannot make changes on the contract despite realizing the quoted price is much lower than the market price (Walston-Dunham, 2012). Changes can be implemented to the terms of the contra ct on exceptional cases such as when the contract ends (Meiners, Ringleb & Edwards, 2012). The contract could also be terminated if both parties reach a mutual agreement to end the contract and in other cases when both parties have fulfilled their obligation to each other leaving no other reason for the parties to carry out the contract (Walston-Dunham, 2012). If another situation arose and Krauses breaches the contract terms by indicating a price higher than agreed in writing, Jud is not liable to adhering to the stipulated terms as Krauses has performed breach of contract by false writing for his personal reasons (Miller & Jentz, 2012). As a result, Jud has right to terminate the contract as it does not act as per the laid down agreement (Walston-Dunham, 2012). Case 2 The second case implies a contract whereby there are two parties Gerald and a centre looking into the needs of disadvantaged children. The initial agreement was that Gerald who is an event organizer stages a concert to raise funds for the kids centre. However, Gerald thereafter decides not to hand over the concert earnings to the charity home as per the agreement. Both parties were well aware of the stipulations of the agreement and had the intention to abide by them (Meiners, Ringleb & Edwards, 2012). As earlier stated, for a contract to be valid it must fulfill all terms laid down by law. One of the stipulati

Chromosomal Instability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chromosomal Instability - Essay Example due to the aberrations in the genomes, there is chromosomal instability leading to aneuploidy, i.e, an imbalance in the chromosomes results, so that the possibility for cancerous growths is increased.(Pollack, 2006). In a brief article, Pollack (2006) has summarized the findings of a study of aneuploidy that was taken up recently, where a gene expression was identified as a possible identifying symptom of chromosomal instability. In their study of chromosomal instability, the authors identified 25 genes that could predict the clinical outcome for six different types of cancer. Maintaining the chromosomal integrity of a cell is a complicated process because DNA regulation in the cell must be precisely regulated, while damaged DNA must be recognized and repaired quickly. Shima et al (2007) conducted earlier studies where they identified a Chaos3 mutation in mice that causes spontaneous chromosomal aberrations. In the instant study, they report that this chromosomal instability, which was isolated in a forward genetic screen, is a viable allele of Mcm4 (michromosome maintenance deficient 4 homolog). This allele is a component of the MCM2-7 complex, which is the replication licensing factor. Shima et al (2007) conducted their study on female mice and found that mutant embryonic fibroblasts in these mice were susceptible to chromosomal instability induced by inhibition of DNA replication. 80% of the subjects of the study succumbed to mammary carcinomas. The findings in this study suggest that the hyphomorphic alleles such as mcm4 of the genes that encode the subunits of the MCM2-7 complex may cause an increase in the risk of breast cancer. Another causal element identified in chromosomal instability is the mSds3 chromatin regulator, which is a key component of the mSin3 compressor complex that regulates target gene expression through chromatin modification.(David et al, 2006). In their study, David et al (2006) carried out their study using mice assessed whether the

Cotton Essay Example for Free

Cotton Essay One of the similarities between Japan and India’s mechanization of the cotton industry from the 1880s to the 1930s is the production of cotton and yarn went up with the use of machines. One difference is more men worked in India than Japan. The first topic for discussion will be about how the workers in Indian and Japanese textile factories are different, (Docs: 4, 7, 8, and 10). The second grouping will discuss hand vs. machine (Docs: 1, 2, and 6. ) The last topic for discussion will be about both Japan and India’s low wages. An additional document that would be helpful would be one from a male worker in India. With this document we can see their point of view of working in the factory, to see if they enjoy it, or if maybe they were treated cruelly. Another beneficial document would have been from a parent of one of the female workers. This way we can see what the parents have to say about their child working in a cotton mill. Documents 4, 7, 8, and 10 all show that the workers in textile factories are different. There is a chart (Doc 7) that compares the amount of female cotton textile workers in Japan and India. It shows that over three-fourths were women in Japan, and less than one-fourth of Indian laborers were women. Another way this document helps show the difference of workers between Japanese and Indian textile factories is that in Japan the percent of women workers slightly increases over the years 1920-1930. In India, the percent of female workers from 1909-1934 decreases, meaning women didn’t work as much in factories. Because India was so patriarchal the women’s job was to stay home and take care of the house. Document 4 is a written concern about how there are many women working in Japanese textile mills. Documents 8 and 10 both consist of a picture from a Japanese cotton mill (Doc 8), and an Indian textile mill (Doc 10). The Japanese mill (Doc 8) illustrates a couple of women working and two or three men just sitting there (most likely supervising. ) However in difference to Japan, the Indian mill (Doc 10) shows only male workers, this helps prove that more men worked than women in Indian textile mills. One should approach document 8 with caution because the source seems to be unreliable. The photo is from and official company history, meaning the picture was most likely staged to make it look like a superior place to work. Not only are Japan and India different when it comes to who works in their textile factories, documents 1, 2, and 6 help show how their cotton industries are similar, (Doc 1) is a chart of the production of cotton yarn and cloth in India. One should take into account the point of view of this source because it was gathered by British Colonial authorities. The source seems reliable since they are talking about India’s statistics and not their own. Also the data looks reasonable and not over exaggerated. The source of this document most likely composed this chart to help show how the use of machines helped increase Indian textiles. Japan’s textile chart (Doc 2) combined both hand and machine spun statistics. Even though they were combined there was still a rapid increase of production of cotton yarn. (Doc 6) was written by and Indian economist and it talks about how there has been a rapid decline of hand woven cloth makers and they can’t compete with machine woven cloth. All these documents help illustrate how India and Japan’s textile industries are similar due to the use of machines. Lastly we will discuss similarities in the pay and wages of the cotton industry workers in Japan and India (Docs: 3, 5, and 9) (Doc 3) talks about how two Japanese women worked in a textile factory when they were younger and the first year they were not paid, the second year their parents got 35 yen an the following year 50 yen. The point of view expressed in this document is of interest because it was written by Tsurumi Shunsuke, Japanese industrialist. The source seems unreliable because it says there are surplus of workers and they come from the over abundance of people working on their own land. Also it says, â€Å"All he or she has to do is earn enough to maintain his or her own living. † The money usually goes towards the family not to the worker. I think he is writing to get people to work for him and doesn’t want to be accused as being cheap. Not only is the pay low for Japanese textile laborers, it is the same for Indian workers as well. (Doc 9) â€Å"Wages are low, and there has been no significant change in wages over the last decades. † The mechanization of the cotton industry grew in the 1880s to the 1930s in Japan and India. The women in Japan worked in harsher conditions than the men in India, Both Japan and India’s cotton industries used peasant labor.

Impacts Of Mass Tourism On Ecotourism Sites Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Mass Tourism On Ecotourism Sites Tourism Essay This essay will mainly deal with the social, economic and environmental impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism taking into consideration that ecotourism can be seen as a form of mass tourism (As Weaver (2001: 112) says, ecotourism can be and usually is a variant of mass tourism.). It will begin by examining ecotourism looking at what ecotourism is and some examples of ecotourism sites such as Couran Cove Island Resort and Boondall Wetlands Reserve in Queensland, Australia. It will then move onto mass tourism again looking at what defines mass tourism and looking into areas that are considered to be mass tourism sites such as Benidorm and Mallorca in Spain. This will then move onto the impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism taking into account the social, economic and environmental impacts, drawing examples from the case studies above in Spain and Australia. Then it will briefly examine ecotourism as a form of mass tourism as stated by Weaver (2001). The most common definition of ecotourism is that it is a nature-based tourism and a form of sustainable tourism ecologically, socio-culturally and economically (Font Buckley, 2001: 32; Weaver, 2001: 105; Lim McAleer, 2005: 1431) and also as Ceballos-Lascurà ¡in 1996 (cited in Scheyvens 2002: 71) says Ecotourism is environmentally responsible, enlightening travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations. The International Ecotourism Society has six main principles for ecotourists (this is the term this essay will use for tourists visiting ecotourism sites throughout the essay). These include: Minimizing impact on the environment Gain environmental and cultural awareness of the site to help respect and conserve the site. Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Provide direct financial benefits for conservation. Provide economic benefits to the host locals. Raise sensitivity to host countries political, environmental and social climate. (The International Ecotourism Society, 2010) Ecotourism can be divided into hard and soft-ecotourism. Hard ecotourism generally does not impact as much negatively on the environment as it tends to deal with tourists who are aware of the importance of sustainability, visits tend to be prolonged visits so the tourists actively engage in conserving the environment and respect the environment in which they are visiting (Weaver Lawton, 2002: 362). According to the International Ecotourism Society (2006: 4), In Europe: 20%-30% of travelers are aware of needs values of sustainable tourism. 10%-20% of travelers look for green options. 5%-10% of travelers demand green holidays. Soft ecotourism, which is the type of ecotourism that is most associated with mass tourism, is when tourists have a level of understanding of sustainability but are not as committed to actively participating in being sustainable and so do not respect the area they are visiting as much (Weaver Lawton, 2002: 363). Visits tend to be once-off day trips resulting in groups of people arriving by bus, which could happen a few times a day. These short term visits could potentially be more harmful, as the tourists may not have as much of an awareness or interest in protecting the environment they are visiting and may not be as careful as they should be they could cause physical damage, by stepping on plant species, which could in turn reduce biodiversity, which is harmful to an ecosystem. In the case of Queensland, Australia, it could be argued that it is a soft-ecotourism site, taking a figure from Lim and McAleer (2005: 1433) seen below, overnight visitors have fluctuated between 1995 an d 2000 however, in the case of intra and interstate visitors they have increased since 1995. The fact that the figure deals with overnight visitors, could be seen as a short-term stay, which coincides with soft ecotourism activity. Figure 1: Visitor arrivals in Queensland. (Source: Ibid: 1433) Examples of ecotourism sites include Couran Cove Island Resort, Boondall Wetlands Reserve Australia and the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia. Mass tourism can be defined as a quantitative notion, based on the proportion of the volume of the population participating in tourism or on the volume of tourist activity Burkart Medlik 1974 (cited in Bramwell, 2004: 7). Coming into the notion of mass tourism is the concept of the 3Ss Sun, Sea and Sand holidays. Spain became the most popular area for tourism by the 1990s there was a need to develop new products and promote new destinations (DeCleir, 2010). Mass tourism can also be associated with winter sports taking the Alps for example, which will be discussed later on in the essay. Mass tourism can tend to increase the pressure on the environment due to the large tourist volumes, which is not unlike soft ecotourism. Examples of areas that experience mass tourism are Benidorm and Mallorca in Spain and the winter sports in the Alps. Benidorm, a fishing village in Spain, so it could be deemed an ecotourism site, has seen considerable mass tourism effects The demands of mass tou rism have turned this place into a monster of an urban resort with high rise hotels, a shopping mall, bars (Schindler and Mindjov, p.1). Mass tourism can be seen to have an impact on ecotourism sites also. The three main areas where mass tourism has an effect on ecotourism are socially, economically and environmentally. Firstly, this essay will examine the economic impacts of mass tourism on ecotourism sites drawing examples from Spain. As can be seen from Table 1, tourism contributions to Spains Gross Domestic Product has increased significantly from 2000 to 2007, increasing by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬38,995 in seven years. Table 1: Tourism Contribution to Spanish GDP. (Source: Spanish Statistics Institute, Tourism Satellite Account of Spain (cited in Spanish Tourism in Figures 2009: 8). Tourism is an economic generator, not only do the host destination benefit from the amount of money coming in from the tourists but also, the fact that the site is a tourist site, creates employment in the area. As Lim and McAleer (2005: 1432) says, For many countries and regions, tourism represents one of the few opportunities for local development, employment and revenue generation. However, regions can develop an over-dependency on tourism in relation to GDP. Taking the Maldives for example, 80% of their GDP comes from tourism (DeClair, 2010). This over-dependence on tourism can result in the tourism industry in the region declining. Another impact of mass tourism is environmental. Environmental impacts include: sustainability preservation and conservation, physical damage which can result in a reduction of biodiversity and visual impact, and pollution. Taking the effect winter sports in the Alps as mentioned earlier, as an example The Alps could be considered to be an ecotourism site as it is a natural area, however it could be argued that it has not really been very beneficial at having a low impact on its environment through extensive tourism mass tourism. The winter sports that take place on the Alps have done a lot of damage to the mountains in terms of loss of biodiversity. For example, there have been reports that the black grouse population has declined and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has suggested that this decline is linked to the spread of winter sports (Patthey et al., 2008: 2). In the Couran Cove Island Resort, they have measures in place to protect their environ ment from tourists, for example, they have put into place a re-vegetation and rehabilitation program which they hope will help conserve existing vegetation and integrated within this program they hope to provide education to the local community about the fragile ecosystem (Lim and McAleer, 2005: 1433). They have also built eco-cabins that are built on stumps, the idea being that the surrounding environment can be left undisturbed and yet the tourists can still see the habitats in their natural environment (ibid: 1434). Mass tourism can cause congestion in an ecotourism site during peak seasons this could result in pollution of an area and visual degradation. In the case of the economic and environmental, these two impacts can be linked together. If a ecotourism site is getting a lot of tourists, then they are taking in revenue. The more money generated from tourism, the more the money that can go back into the conservation and preservation the sustainability of the area. In the case of social impacts on a site, as Hall and Lew (2009: 180) say, the development of the tourism industry can contribute broadly to changes in the quality of life, social structure and social organization of destination communities. These social impacts can be both positive and negative. Generally, however, the host residents are prepared to put up with the negative impacts as the positive ones are so desirable (DeCleir, 2010). Employment, although mainly an economic impact, can also be a social impact. With employment, comes the need for education and upskilling, which can be seen as a personal social benefit. When a person has a job, they are getting a regular income and so will feel safer in knowing that they can meet their basic needs (Hall and Lew, 2009: 180). In addition to this, when people have more money, they can go out and socialise with their friends or meet new people. Acculturation (when two cultures are in contact over a long period of time, there is a danger o f them becoming similar (DeCleir, 2010)), can become a problem in a tourist area, which could eventually lead to the loss of an original culture of the area. This can lead to a reduction in diversity the loss of cultural identity can affect host destinations local people, especially the elderly, as they may lose the traditional ways of life that they grew up with, which could affect their sense of security in where they live. According to Weaver (2001:104) ecotourism as both a reality and an ideal can logically be conceived as a form of mass tourism Although mass tourism can have an effect on ecotourism, ecotourism can be seen as a form of mass tourism. Soft ecotourism in particular is more often associated with mass tourism as shorter, more intensive trips are considered more damaging than longer trips as, as said at the beginning of this essay, visits tend to be once off day-trips, with loaded tour buses arriving with groups of people to visit a site all in one day; whereas with longer trips, the tourists are less likely to stay or impact upon a site all day continuously. Mass tourism can have both positive and negative effects on ecotourism sites. Positive impacts include, an increase in popularity of a site which will lead to more revenue being created which can in turn be reinvested back into the conservation of the site. Negative impacts of mass tourism tend to outweigh the positive impacts; some negative impacts include, physical impact the damage that can be done to the site, its attractiveness and reduction of biodiversity, for example, the winter sports in the Alps increased congestion during peak seasons and seasonality for example, in Greece, most hotels are closed for six months of the year (DeCleir, 2010). All of the above effects can be separated into three categories of impacts social, economic and environmental, which have all been dealt with in this essay.

Peckham Library: A Case Study Analysis

Peckham Library: A Case Study Analysis Introduction. Peckham Library is a library and community building situated in Peckham, southeast London. Peckham Library opened to the public on 8 March 2000, with an official opening by Mr. Chris Smith, secretary of State for culture, media and sport. The library was designed by Mr. Will Alsop from Alsop Stormer Company and it received the 2000 Stirling Award for architectural innovation. It also won the Civic Trust Award (April 2002) for excellence in public architecture, along with the London Eye and Tate Modern and the Copper Cladding Award for it’s vivid copper exterior. The building looks like an inverted capital letter ‘L’, with the upper part supported by thin steel pillars set at random angles. The building includes meeting rooms, children’s areas and the library. There is also an Afro-Caribbean section which attracts many visitors. Peckham Library is one of the busiest and most visited libraries, with nearly half a million visitors a year and over 245,000 issued items. The library was designed to be striking, to make people curious about what lies inside and to challenge the traditional view of libraries as staid and serious environments. The construction of the library cost 5 million pounds, including 1,25 million form Single Regeneration Budget program. This program also covered the creation of new low-rise housing //9 a mixture of owner-occupied and social housing) , Peckham Pulse Healthy Living Center, Peckham Square and Peckham Arch. Peckham Library is considered to be one of the best 5 libraries, along with libraries in Zurich, Chicago, Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Southwark council, ( Peckham area council), tries to shake off the violent image of the area with guide to pull in tourists, that is why building like Peckham Library were built.In the nineties, Southwark was the ssecond most deprived council area in England, and Peckham was one of its worst areas. Housing was poor, unemployment high and the GCSE pass rate was a third of the national average. The area used to hit the headlines for it’s less wholesome reputations as a hotspot for crime, or shoddy public housing. Roger Young, head of the renewal team stated: â€Å"We don’t pretend that the place is perfect, but what we are saying is that there is a lot going on here that people should come and see. What people hear about the area comes from shocking headlines, but we have some world-class stuff here. Peckham has a thrilling mixture of cultures, history and architecture†. The project was finished by 1998 and it formed a new inner-city plaza in London southeast district of Peckham. Other well-known projects of Alsop and Stormer are the North Greenwich station in London and a ferry terminal in Hamburg. The goal of this, (Peckham Library) building was to excite, attract  and draw people’s attention so they would start interweaving with the Library. The library opens at 9am and closes 8pm and includes seventy adult reading spaces, free internet access, word processing facilities and disabled access toilets. There are many events during the week which attract local people to the library, such as   singing sessions for children every Monday baby and toddler sessions every Tuesday book club sessions every Wednesday homework help drop in for children every Wednesday over 50s club every first Friday of every month Peckham Library has become a very popular spot and has reduced the vandalism around the area. Mr Alsop said in a question: â€Å"If you build a semi-decent building, it will not attract vandalism†. Air. Air is the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth, a mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen. (Picture of composition of air) Air travels from areas of high pressure to low pressure. (picture of how the air moves in a room) Peckham Library has 22 windows which are most of the times shut. The building has no air-conditioning, therefore it is naturally ventilated. There is shading in many different areas around the building; therefore the sun light can not easily pass through.This kind of ventilation is named passive cooling The concrete frame of the building, which is exposed to the soffit, also helps with the ventilation, because cross ventilation occurs and helps the concrete in terms of the air temperature, which prevents heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention). The window panels, which are laminated with four different film layers with different colour film, are very useful themselves, because during winter they help to keep the cold air away and the warm air to remain inside the building. However the windows can be easily opened, because a library is a place with many people and it needs a certain amount of air so it won’t get stifling. The building has a radiation system on the walls and the floor, so the room gets a certain amount of warm air during winter time. (Diagram of the weather in the UK) Drawing number 1. (In the floor). Drawing number 2. (in the wall). Light. The windows in the ceiling and the windows on the sides of the building allow a big amount of light to come inside, but artificial light is also used because there is not enough light during winter time or in the early mornings and late evenings. During my first visit I’ve noticed that the lights in the library were switched on and some of the bulbs which are set in the high ceiling were straight lighting the area. The light made the space more pleasant for the visitors and easier to read. Some lights were more inside the ceiling and surrounded by a mirroring effect, which helps the light to spread across the room. This shows that Mr. Aslop was not relying on natural lighting, as the building has 300 light bulbs. If the lights in the library ever needed to be changed, it would take four days for the work to be done. The closure angered Southwark council leader Stephanie Elsy stated: â€Å"This is just not acceptable and we cant allow it to happen again† she said. â€Å"Its quite incredible that it has to be closed to do routine maintenance work. I cant believe this is the only approach†. (Light around my building) Drawing number 3. (quick drawing of the lights in the fourth floor of the building) (Drawing of the windows on the left side of the Peckham Library building) (Free hand drawing of how the light comes in the level four of the building) Ground. Ground is the solid surface of the earth. Earth is made out of many things. Deep inside Earth, near its center, lays Earths core, which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earths mantle, which is made out of rock that contains silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminium, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made out of oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Earths surface is mainly covered with liquid water and the atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases. Ground is very important to the process of building a building. Before the planning of a building, architects and planners are being asked to measure out the site and to locate the piping and electricity. It is also known that if someone wants to know about what type of ground has an area, he has to look at the old houses at the particular area. In previous years builders used materials that were easily found around the area they were build the house. Peckham Library on the other hand, is modern and futuristic and at first glance, it doesn’t seem to be the same as the buildings around it. It is made out of concrete, metal, copper and glass, while the buildings around are made out of bricks. The architect used these specific materials both to make it outstand and fit into the area at the same time. (Picture of earth’s materials) All the materials that are used to build a building come from earth. Peckham library is made out of: 1) Copper cladding steel [used on the majority of the exterior ( South,East, West and roof)] . (Picture of copper on its first form) (Copper at Peckham Library) 2) Glass (both plain and fluorescent, used for windows and doors) . (Picture of glass at Peckham Library) (Drawing of the Indian Sandstone Paving outside Peckham Library,at the front side) 3) Metal (used for the casings and the supporting columns on the Plaza). (Picture of the supporting columns) A significant portion of the structures exterior is covered in copper steel. Traditionally copper steel is being used mainly for pipes; however the copper supplied by TECU, a German manufacturing company, is used in an unconventional manner in Peckham Library. Alsop’s design required a material that would be cheerful but intriguing therefore TECU ®-Patina supplied the green horizontal sheet cladding which has a very distinctive appearance. By using sheet material, Alsop was able to have the material cut in to linear forms which produce ‘seams’. These ‘seams’ run down the facade which draws attention to the slanted steel supports. The steel mesh which protects the glass is somewhat unexpected because there is no need for protection of the glass although criminality in Peckham area is very high. The steel mesh is a Sambesi450 product which is made from stainless wire cables and rods which are an average of 7mm thick and weigh approx. 11.2 kg/ m ². Steel is also used in the slanted rods which support the overhang. Even though I believe that these materials where chosen to make the structure lively, playful and fascinating, mainly because Mr Aslop wanted to attract and draw peoples’ attention so they would start interweaving with the Library, I also believe that the materials used were intended to stand the test of time and survive acts of vandalism and adverse weather conditions in Peckham area. Water. Water is a colourless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid that forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms. Information about the water and the pipes in Peckham library building could not be found, as the people in the library stated that such information is confidential. Instead, I found the plan of level four of the building and searched for the toilets. This is where the pipes are more likely to be. The water in Peckham Library is black water, which means that it is used only in the sanitation system of the building, as the library does not provide other areas that water is needed. (Plan of level five that illustrates where the toilets situated in the building) Energy. Energy is the power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines. â€Å"Energy cannot be created nor destroyed within a system†. Energy can be used for transportation, or the industry ,or for residential and commercial reasons. There are plenty of energy types: Oil Nuclear Solar Wind power Geothermal Hydropower Fuelwood Coal Natural gas (Picture of fuel consumption) Peckham Library has heat demand of 369. (This data was received from DeMAP ) Firstly the window faà §ade of the building is made out of Vanceva Interlayer Colours windows. They are made out of different coloured layers assembled between layers of clear glass. Therefore when the heat approaches the glass it is redirected back into its environment, which means it provides a good thermal insulation. Secondly the copper, which the building is made from, is generally considered to be a good transmitter of heat, this suggests that the building is well isolated, however not all heat is kept in; some of it is released back to the atmosphere. The window facade is made out of four layers, therefore as the heat approaches the glass it is redirected back into its environment, that means it provides a good thermal insulation. Energy within the building is used in the form of electricity. It is used mainly for lighting, but for the machines as well (computers, elevators, heaters, photocopying machine and automatic doors). The energy comes from a generator, which is situated at the back side of the building. (Energy sources in a modern building) Recycle. Recycling is a process to change materials (waste), into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production. In architecture, recycling mainly means the reuse of energy, but it can also mean the reuse materials, such as glass bottles can be used to make a wall, or coins can be used for making floorings. Peckham Library has one recycle bin and one general waste bin on the fourth floor. It doesn’t seem to motivate people to recycle, even though the room has some posters about recycling. There are also general waste bins and recycle bins at the plaza area. When I visited the library, the floodlights were on, even during the day. Ironically Southwark Council has published suggestions for low cost ways to be green yet the large cantilever makes the space below devoid of sunlight, even on sunny days. According to a blog reviewing sustainable buildings, the flood lights cost an estimated  £4,800 a year in energy costs. (Picture of bins on the left side of the library) Synthesis. Synthesis is the combination of components or elements to form a connected whole. The structure of the building is a synthesis of two rectangles. Mr Alsop wanted to make something that is eye-catching and very difficult to miss. The most obvious structural feature of the building is the large overhang which is supported by thin, slanted metal columns. From the outside it appears that the library floor is balanced 12m in the air by the poles and the rest of the building is firmly grounded. (Picture of the combination of the shapes of the building) The structure on the inside of the Library is rather interesting. It seems that there are three smaller building inside the building, in which you can get inside and read. (Picture of plans and elevation of the building) The staircase at the back of the building is very unusual; it is made out of concrete, metal and glass. The glass is placed in the middle of the steps so it allows the light through the whole back part of the building. (Picture of the synthesis of the stairs) What I would change/add. If I had a choice to change something in the building I would add a small cafe at one of the three pods or at the roof. I believe that it would be a good idea and that it would attract even more people than it does now. People would have the chance to relax and enjoy a cup of coffee or tea while they read or relax. Conclusion. Peckham Library is a public building that attracts many people and gives a chance to learn about different cultures and civilisations. This project managed to bring a positive publicity to the area and attract people to come and visit it. That has a positive affect not only at the economic situation of the area, but at the cultural as well. People exchange opinions, learn from each other meet new people and they broaden their horizons. Sources: Voyager Magazine, Archello, KME, The Guardian, Building.co.uk, Website: Southwark Council, Website Physics ,User Peckham2 on tumblr, Wikipedia, Website: Recyclart, Website: Generation of Energy-Efficient Patio Houses With GENE_ARCH, Peckham’s Library file about the library, DeMAP, pictures from google,

Essay --

1. Principios Bà ¡sicos 2. Espectro Polà ­tico al que Pertenece Considerando el espectro polà ­tico Derecha-Izquierda, Movimiento Ciudadano es un partido polà ­tico que, de acuerdo a su ordenamiento, pertenece a la izquierda ya que sus valores y creencias està ¡n enfocados en proteger a los dà ©biles, promoviendo la igualdad y la equidad, la libertad asà ­ como la autonomà ­a, el pluralismo y la defensa de los derechos fundamentales del ser humano. Con relacià ³n a la participacià ³n del gobierno en la economà ­a, Movimiento Ciudadano acepta el sistema de libre mercado como la mejor manera de organizar la produccià ³n de bienes y servicios requeridos para la satisfaccià ³n de necesidades materiales, pero al mismo tiempo tiene como objetivo fundamental la intervencià ³n del Estado para asegurar que los beneficios y dividendos sean producidos y distribuidos de una manera que se asegure una vida cabal y plena para toda la sociedad. En lo que concierne a su participacià ³n, Movimiento Ciudadano es partidario del cambio y cree que la sociedad es dà ³cil. Responde a un mundo globalizado y progresista, ya que busca la ...

Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

Jurassic Park, by Michael Crichton is an incredible book, which describes genetic engineering and the creation of an extinct species. Michael Crichton uses marvelous detail throughout the book. As great as the book is, it is not that appropriate for children who are 15 and under because of the gore, description, violence, and obscenities through out the story. Jurassic Park is a great book. Michael Crichton uses such descriptive detail, that you could picture everything that is going on like you are watching a movie. There is not one moment of boredom in the book. Every second something new is happening or another problem in the park occurs. These things make the book very hard to put down. Jurassic Park is a marvelous book with a great plot. Yet, later it becomes inappropriate for children. The first thing that makes Jurassic Park not appropriate for young children is that it is amazingly gory. Michael Crichton describes people and animals being killed in a very descriptive manner. When Dennis Nedry, the computer programmer, was on his way to the dock to deliver frozen dinosaurs embryos to another genetic engineering company, a concrete barrier was in his way. He got out of his car and started to run into the jungle. When he reached the jungle river, he heard a soft hooting cry. When he turned around, he saw a dilophasaur standing directly in front of him. Suddenly, the dilophasaur spit at him. The novel refers to this by saying, â€Å"Nedry†¦felt an excruciating pain in his eyes, stabbing like spikes in the back of his skull.† It then says, â€Å"Slowly the realization came to him. He was blind†¦Then there was a new searing pain like a fiery knife in his belly, and then Nedry stumbled†¦then there was a new pain on both sides of his head. The pain grew worse, and as he was lifted to his feet he knew the dinosaur had his head in its jaws, and the horror of that realization was followed by a final wish, that it would all be ended soon (p. 196).† This demonstrates the horrifying description in the book. Another gory scene was when Ed Regis was swallowed by the juvenile T-rex. The book describes this by saying, â€Å"Regis yelled, and the juvenile ducked his head, and Regis began to scream. No words just a high pitch scream. The scream cut off abruptly, and when the juvenile lifted his head, Grant saw ragged flesh in his jaws (page 216).

Any Human to Another Essay

Countee Cullen was an African American writer during the Harlem Renaissance. His poem â€Å"Any Human to Another† calls on whites and Americans in general to put aside their racial differences and come together in harmony. Cullen’s reflective and didactic tone is established through numerous rhetorical dev ices. The first thing one notices when reading the poem is the constantly changing rhyme scheme. Cullen uses a changing meter to emphasize each stanza, making them stand apart but still sound nice together – â€Å"diverse yet single.† The whole poem is about this paradox and coming together despite our differences. People need to connect with others and not stay shut up alone in solitude. Many of the stanzas contain similes to elaborate on the author’s purpose. The first stanza relates sorrow to an arrow that pierces all parts of the body to the deepest core, â€Å"through the fat and past the bone.† The second stanza compares blacks and whites to rivers and the sea (fresh and salty water). The last stanza relates grief again to a weapon, calling it a â€Å"blade shining and unsheathed [that] must strike me down,† and sorrow to a crown of â€Å"bitter aloes wreathed.† The similes in the last stanza mean that although it is sometimes painful and/or unpleasant to share others’ grief, it is still something we must do. There is a metaphor in the third stanza that compares living our lives alone to pitching a tent in solitude, walled into our own little world. Several times, Cullen uses dichotomies to contrast things that symbolize the whites and blacks. They are compared to â€Å"fat and†¦ bone† (stanza 1), â€Å"sea and river† (stanza 2), and â€Å"sun and shadow† (stanza 3). Despite these obvious differences , the author emphasizes the ability and importance of coming together, like salt and fresh water do in bays and sun and shadow do in some valleys. The fourth stanza employs personification of grief and joy, also showing the dichotomy between them. While joy only favors a few, grief is a common factor shared by all people, and so it is a common ground  on which anyone can come together. Finally, the poem contains Biblical allusions to Romans 12:15-18 Rejoice with those who rejoice; mourn with those who mourn. Live in harmony with one another. Do not be proud, but be willing to associate with people of low position. Do not be conceited. Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. This passage talks about sharing others’ grief instead of remaining cut off and apathetic. Cullen shares the author’s wish for peace between unlike people. This ties to the last line, where â€Å"my sorrow must be laid on your head like a crown† alludes to Christ’s crown of thorns – because Jesus was a man of the people and was very empathetic; he put into practice what Cullen is calling all Americans to do. Cullen uses allusion, paradox, dichotomy, simile and metaphor, personification, and meter to establish the tone and theme of his poem â€Å"Any Human to Another.†

Modular Arithmetic

One   can   always   say, ‘ it   is   7.00   p.m.’ and   the   same   fact   can   be   also   put   as   ‘ it  is   19.00 ’. If   the   truth   underlying   these   two   statements   is   understood   well, one   has  understood   ‘ modular mathematics ‘   well. The   conventional   arithmetic   is   based   on   linear   number   system   known   as   the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ number   line’.   Modular   Arithemetic   was   introduced   by   Carl   Friedrich   Gauss   in   1801, in   his   book ‘ Disquisitiones   Arithmeticae’. (modular).   It   is   based   on   circle.   A   circle   can   be   divided   into   any   number   of   parts. Once   divided, each   part   can   be  named   as   a   number, just   like   a   clock, which   consists   of   12   divisions   and   each  division   is   numbered   progressively. Usually, the   starting   point   is   named   as ‘0’. So,the   starting   point   of   a   set   of   numbers   on   a   clock   is   ‘0’   and   not   ‘1’. Since   the  divisions  Ã‚   are 12, all   integers , positive   or   negative, which   are   multiples   of   12, will  always   be   corresponding   to   0,   on   the   clock. Hence, number   18   on   a   clock  corresponds   to   18/12 . Here   the   remainder   is   6,   so   the   answer   of   13 + 5   will   be   6 Similarly, the   same   number 18, on   a   circle   with   5   divisions   will   represent   number  3, as   3   is   the   remainder   when   18   is   divided   by   5.Some   examples   of   addition   and   multiplication   with   mod   (5): 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   +   5   = 11. Now   11/5   gives   remainder   1. Hence   the   answer   is   1. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13   +   35 = 48. Now, 48/5   gives   3   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   3. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9   +   ( -4) = 5. Now   5/5   gives   0   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   0. 4)   14   +   ( – 6 ) = 8 . Now   8/5   gives   3   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   3. Some examples of multiplication with mod ( 5 ). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   X   11 = 66. Now, 66/5   gives   1   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   1. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X 8 = 104. Now   104/5   gives   4   as   remainder . So   the   answer   is   4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   316 X – 2 = -632. Now, 632/5   gives   2 as   remainder. For negative numbers   the   calculation   is   anticlockwise. So , for negative numbers, the  answer   will   be   numbers   of   divisions   (mod)   divided   by   the   remainder.Here the   answer   will be 3. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X –7 = – 91. Now, 91/5   gives 1 as remainder. But, the answer will be 5 – 1 = 4. So   the   answer   is   4. Works-cited page 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modular, Modular Arithmetic, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2006, Retrieved on   19-02-07 from < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic> 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire explanation is based on a web page available at , < http://www.math.csub.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html> Additional   information: An   automatic   calculator   of   any   type   of   operations   with   any  numbers   in   modular   arithmetic   is   available   on   website: < http://www.math.scub.edu/faculty/susan/faculty/modular/modular.html >         

Do you think Candy’s opinion of Curley’s wife is fair Essay

â€Å"Do you think Candy’s opinion of Curley’s wife is fair or does Steinbeck show us a character that has had so many disappointments in her life and is lonely that we can understand why she acts as she does? I myself don’t think that candy’s opinion of curley’s wife is fair,this is because all the people on the ranch have made up there minds that she is a tart because of the way she dresses and the way she tries to flirt with them,but she doen’t mean to put the impression to the ranch workers that she is a tart but looks can be deceiving. She dresses and looks this way because she has always dreamed of being in the movie business,living in Salinas at only at the age of 15 she wrote to a man in the movie business but had no reply,Her dreams of staring in her own movie were smashed into a million pieces.Now when she is older and wiser she still has no ambitions. Then she married Curly.Now married to Curly she is always lonely,this is because she is away from her family and friends,shes ignored by Curly (when he is around!) because he is always in town or in whore houses,on the ranch there is nothing for her to do except sit around doing nothing.This is why she tries to make friends with the people on the ranch because she is lonely,but the ranch workers think she is trying to get them into trouble with curly,and because she hasn’t got over her trauma of being rejected by the movie business she wants to live out the fame and dream of being a movie star in front of the ranch workers.the ranch workers are too scared to have any business with her because if they do they know that curly would give them the beating of there lives. Later in the story lennie is the only person who she manages to have a proper conversation with,at first lennie tells curly’s wife that George told him to stay away from her because she will get him into trouble and that she is bad news,but she manages to make it slip Lennies mind by asking him questions about things he likes like soft things,furry things,rabbits,etc and he is easily led into them conversations because they are all his favourite things he mostly likes. When she asks him if he likes petting and touching soft things he got very excited,then she asked him if he wanted to touch her soft golden hair,he reply’s yes.When he is petting her soft locks of hair he starts to get more and more of a grip of her it,she tells him that is enough he blocks her voice out of his head and continues to have a firm grip,she tries to struggle away from him with no success,then when she screams Lennie got scared because he knew she would get him into trouble so with his bear like hands he covers her mouth but she still managed to shout for help so Lennie done the only thing he knew he would do to shut her up for good!,and breaks her neck like a twig.

Module 3: Drug Essay

Are drug companies that test experimental drugs in foreign countries acting ethically? In my opinion, a lot of people in foreign countries are uneducated and therefore, may not fully understand the risks, complications and side effects of these experimental drugs. If they do not have the means to adequately research the drug prior to testing it, they may end up doing so without fully understanding what potential side effects are involved. I am not sure how well companies educate these foreign countries and or people involved in the case study. If these people are not educated properly than it is unethical for them to test experimental drugs on them. Is American industry at too much risk of lawsuits to remain competitive? Should companies trying to develop drugs be given immunity from lawsuits? The American industry is at risk for lawsuits. I believe people sue now days for almost anything. However, it is not too much of a risk to remain competitive. America is one of the richest countries in the world. I feel China is our biggest competition. We must continue to advance our technology, enhance our products and services and look for new ideas and inventions in order to remain competitive. There will always be a risk of lawsuits but I do not feel is would stop us from being competitive. Companies trying to develop drugs should not be given immunity from lawsuits. I know that by developing and inventing new drugs, companies are trying to remain competitive and find cures or medicines to help people. However, some of the side effects that are related to these drugs are horrendous and can cause permanent damage. I also understand that most side effects are disclosed to people who take these new drugs however; not all side effects are known with these new drugs and some of them can lead to death. It may not be the company’s intention to cause death or some other serious deficiency but it happens and when it does, the individual should have to right to sue for medical related costs and pain and suffering. Is it ethical for companies to decline to sell a useful drug because they can make more money marketing drugs that are more widely needed? Is it ethical for companies to decline to sell a useful drug in a foreign country because they can make more money marketing the drug elsewhere? I personally feel that it is neither ethical nor unethical for a company to decline to sell a useful drug just because they can make more money marketing drugs that are more widely needed. It really is up to the company what drugs they want to sell  however; if a drug is available that will help people and or cure disease, it should be made available and companies should sell it. From a business stand point I can understand why they would want to market only drugs that are more widely needed as it will make them more money however; by offering or selling drugs that are useful, they will eventually gain more recognition and that could lead to a competitive advantage. As for whether or not it is ethical for companies to decline selling a useful drug in a foreign country because they can make more money marketing the drug elsewhere, I am again neither in agreement or disagreement on this one. It is a company’s chose where and to whom they want to sell drugs to. However, in poor countries, people cannot easily afford anything. Companies would have to reduce their price significantly even by selling in bulk. If they sell to China or other countries that can afford the drugs, I am sure they would do so but they also risk losing money. Do companies have an ethical obligation to make drugs available in poor countries at little or no cost? I personally feel that companies do not have an ethical obligation to make drugs available in poor countries at little or no cost. I certainly can understand that people in other countries have it very hard. A lot of people have little or no money and can barely afford to feed their family and or children let alone afford health care and or drugs. However, by making drugs available at little to no cost, people will be able to sell it and use it illegally creating an even bigger problem. People will smuggle it into the United States as they do now with street drugs. It is unfortunate that people with good intentions who will use the drugs and or medication for what it is prescribe for have to suffer because of those people whose intentions are not so good. Those free and or lost cost drugs will be another way for criminals to make money. I do not think it is a good idea nor do I fee l that companies have any type of moral or ethical obligation to do this.

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet Essay

Marketing Communication Report on EasyJet - Essay Example Situation Analysis behind the Economic Status of EasyJet Airline Company Established back in 1995, EasyJet Airline Company Limited is a British airline company that operates domestic and international flight services on 387 routes in Europe and North African airports (Sager). As a result of the increase in demand for low-cost flights due to globalization, it becomes a challenged for most of the airline companies to develop strategic ways that will enable them to offer its target passengers a more competitive price on top of outstanding customer service. In line with this, EasyJet offers the public with low-cost flight services by continuously acquiring other airline companies like Go and GB Airways (BBC News a & b). EasyJet’s decision to acquire other airline companies does not only increase the number of routes wherein EasyJet airplanes could take-off and land (BBC News a). Aside from giving EasyJet Airline Company the opportunity to enjoy the benefit of economies of scale, this particular business expansion strategy could also immediately increase EasyJet’s existing customer base by serving some of the loyal customers of its past and currently acquired airline companies. Marketing communication strategies such as advertising plays a crucial role in attracting more customers to patronize the flight services offered by EasyJet. In line with this, EasyJet is more interested on the corporate business travellers as its target customers more than those individuals who are travelling for leisure purposes (EasyJet a; Perrett).

Child Soldiers in West Africa on Security in Europe Article - 1

Child Soldiers in West Africa on Security in Europe - Article Example In West Africa, human security has become a serious issue. The security maintenance has been spoiled in past few years, the reason might be any external or internal. (Diallo and Possà ©mà ©-Rageau, pg. 8) An estimated value of the world child labor report shows that 246 million children between the ages of 5-17 are under child labor category. The highest number of working children is found in Asia, then Africa and then in US, Middle East, and other countries. Although the greatest number of working children exists in Asia, Africa has greatest child labor ratio according to its population. (Finken, pg. 4) The aim of this paper is not to focus on the child labor issue but specifically child labor in form of soldiers’ issue. Throughout the world, about 87 countries have such a setup in which children are used as soldiers. A number of children are under training and many have been passed all the training and actively participating in wars, combats and certain other actions. According to the child soldier report 1379 report; child soldiers are defined as: â€Å"†¦any person under 18 years of age who is a member of or attached to the armed forces or an armed group, whether or not there is an armed conflict. Child soldiers may perform tasks ranging from direct participation in combat; military activities such as scouting, spying, sabotage, acting as decoys, couriers or guards; training, drill and other preparations; support functions such as pottering and domestic tasks; sexual slavery and Forced labor.† â€Å"Not surprisingly, the laws of war, the rules that govern how conflict is waged, and even human rights law, do not go far enough, and children, women and the family must bear the cost, precisely because they are together essential pillars in society. War today just simply does not match the traditional conception of two opposing armies; or even of an internal conflict pitting an armed opposition force against the established government, in which each side generally abides by the â€Å"rules of the game†, respecting the basic inviolability of civilian non-combatants and the special protection due to the young.’

Our Educational Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our Educational Issues - Research Paper Example Due to this, there is a great variation in terms of subjects, courses and other activities between schools of different states. Despite the variations, there are some common features in all schools regardless of their location. One of the common points is the three level division of the education system. The three levels include the elementary or primary education, the secondary education and the higher education. Formal schooling lasts for an average of 12 years when an individual is around the age of 18. This is not the case though in most states as compulsory schooling may end when an individual is 16 years. All American children have access to the free public education American educators use the term K-12 and sometimes PK-12 to refer to primary and secondary education. Most of US children start their education prior to entering the PK-12 education. The parents of such children have to privately finance these institutions. After pre-school and elementary school, the children then enter formal school at the average age of six. Although most American schools are well funded, they are still performing poorly based on the standardized testing, graduation rates, college admissions and national rankings. Many scholars and individuals have tried to look at the issues as to why schools are performing poorly and most of them agree that money is not one of the issues (Friedman25) A report from the International summit of Teaching rated America as an average compares to other nations. This is despite the fact that US invests in education more compared to other countries such as Canada. In the report, it was noted that America spends over $800 billion in a year. This amount is five times more than Japan which is the second highest spender. However, evidence from the summit revealed that one of the major causes of problem in the education system is the spending of the allocated money ((Peter26) American teachers have been obtaining little support in terms of money. Most of them go into debts so as to start their career. They are not motivated in terms of their salary making them to be less productive in school. Productivity of teachers is partially reflected in the grades of his or her students. Teachers who end up working in poor communities usually make less than those in more affluent areas. As a result, most of this teachers end up paying for many of their supplies. Additional evidence shows that the US is willing to lower educational standards rather than raising teachers’ salaries. In addition, the teachers of American schools have very little opportunities for collaborating with each other making most of them quite within their first five years. Countries such as Finland and Singapore pay their teachers very well and provide an enabling environment for them to collaborate effectively. One of the good news for America is that this problem is in the public eye and Obama’s administration is trying to stimulate improvements. In ord er to solve this problem, teachers need more support from the government and the local administration. The support should not only come in form of higher salaries but also in form of grants for those pursing teacher-related careers as well as providing a supportive environment for teacher collaboration

A critical study of human resource management in a particular country Essay

A critical study of human resource management in a particular country - Essay Example These differences can be clearly noted and visualized in the fields pertaining to the management of any organization. This paper explores the reasons as to how human resource (HR) and employment practices reflect a distinct demarcation in the policies and the values adopted by organizations across geographical boundaries. India presents a diversified market and business economy and the country has proved to be a lucrative market to the entrepreneurs for investment in business. The human resource management (HRM) practices in the country assume interesting dimensions owing to its diversities and complexities existing in the business environment. The study presents an in-depth assessment of the HRM practices in this country. India is considered to be one of the robust and emerging economics in the world. Many companies overseas are considering India as an epicenter for outsourcing jobs. Indian firms are continuously expanding by adopting the corporate strategy, other financial and mana gement aspects in order to buy sell or merge two companies to form an entirely new entity. This is quite evident from the fact that in the year 1997, Indian companies as a whole had bought 34 foreign companies for about $11 billion dollars. This has been possible primarily because of the rise in capital investment and labor force. It is speculated that by the year 2020, India will add 18 million labors which is more than the entire labor population of Germany (Chatterjee, 2007). This huge labor population has called for an entirely new, reformed and an advanced version of HR concepts and practices in India. Institutional context in human resource management – an overview of theories According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2002), an institution is defined as â€Å"an official organization with an important role in a country† or â€Å"an organization founded for a religious, educational, or social purpose† (Hollinshead, 2009, p24). Globalization has tr iggered widespread changes in existing institutional structures within economies. The changes in institutional frameworks and governance practices on account of globalization have fuelled debates and controversies regarding the efficacy and viability of such changes. A number of economic theories and concepts have shaped the economic and social order of countries that provide an idealized platform for economic growth and development (Rodrik, 2007). Adam Smith in his works The Wealth of Nations outlined the doctrine of Neo-liberalism in the year 1776. According to this doctrine the market forces have an inherent capacity of allocating and utilizing the resources according to its own desired way which can restrict and endanger the distribution and usage of wealth. The capital and the labor forces should have a freedom of movement; they should have the flexibility to work anywhere (Hollinshead, 2009). Every individual should pursue their self –interest only in rightful way and i s accountable for his or her own action. Thus according to Adam Smith, the state should not interfere with the movement or the behavior of the labor or capital. There should be no restrictions on the trade and the economic transactions should be allowed to act freely without any resistance by the government (Abbott, 2008). Neo –corporatist ideology, whose ideas and views are quite contrary to the neo-liberalism focuses on the usage and the importance of the state with regards to meeting the interest of the major and influential social groups who are dealing with the human resources and the capital intensive products and services. According to the theory the uncontrolled and non restricted market forces may generate uneven and unpredictable results. This may give

Social Security Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Security Program - Essay Example Both the States and the Federal Government had started to distinguish that certain dangers in an inexorably industrialized economy could best be met through a social protection methodology to open welfare. That is, the contributory financing of social protection projects might guarantee that security was accessible as a matter of great with an open assistance approach whereby just those persons in need might be qualified for profits. In the United States, as in most streamlined nations, social protection first started with specialists remuneration (Mathews, 2014). A Federal law coating non military person workers of the Government in risky employments was received in 1908, and the first State recompense law to be held sacred was ordered in 1911. By 1929, specialists compensation laws were basically in everything except four States. These laws made industry answerable for the expenses of remunerating specialists. Advancement of U.S. programs has been logical and incremental, formulate d because of particular issues, and portrayed by an incredible level of decentralization (Livingston, 2008). The Office of the Chief Actuary (OCACT) arranges and coordinates a system of actuarial gauges and examines relating to the SSA-managed retirement, survivors and handicap protection programs and supplemental security pay program and to anticipated changes in these projects. Evaluates operations of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund; gauges future operations of the trust stores; behaviors investigations of project financing; performs actuarial and demographic research on social protection and related system issues; and appraisals future workloads. Provides specialized and consultative administrations to the Commissioner, the Board of Trustees of those two Trust

Employment Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment Law - Assignment Example Subsequently, these employees had approached the Managing Director, who confirmed their dismissal, without making any further investigations into the case. He approved the dismissal by simply going through the available paper work relating to the issue. Thereafter, the company had received an ETI claim form and ET3 response form from the Employment Tribunal. Several basic and radical changes were effected to the law pertaining to workplace grievance and disciplinary issues, by the Employment Act 2002. These changes were implemented by the Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004, and became effective from 1 October 2004 (Duncan, 2005). The advantage of employing the rules and procedures for addressing disciplinary and grievance issues lies in the fact this promotes fairness and transparency. Such rules and procedures have to be stipulated in a written and unambiguous manner. The development of rules and procedures should involve the employees or their representatives (Code of Practice 1 ACAS Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures, 2009). Analysis Under the present statutory provisions, in order to qualify for protection against unfair dismissal, an employee must have completed at least one year of continuous service with the same employer, if he had been appointed prior to 6 April 2012. For those appointed after this date, the qualifying period is 2 years. The sick leave period, holiday period and maternity leave period are also included in the period of service of the employee in the company (Compact Law, 2012). In our present problem, Janice Hall had been working with the company for more than a year. Hence, she is eligible for making a claim of unfair dismissal under the provisions of the Employment Rights Act. However, Kelsey Fields cannot make a claim for unfair dismissal, as she had been working for the company for less than a year. Although, employers are not required to adhere to any statutory disciplinary procedure, the Advisory, Concil iation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) code of practice on disciplinary and grievance procedures that specify the fundamental principles relating to a fair procedure. An unreasonable failure by an employer to adhere to the provisions of this code can cause the tribunal to enhance the compensation awarded by it to the extent of even 25% (Employment Law Advice, 2011). An employee is entitled to be provided with written notice of dismissal, provided that employee has worked for at least one year in the business establishment of that employer. This is with regard to employees who had commenced work prior to 6 April 2012. However, with regard to employees who had started to work after this date, they should have worked for at least two years (Citizens Advice Guide, 2012). Although Janice had worked for 2 years, no notice of dismissal had been served upon her by the company. This constitutes a gross violation of the statutory fair procedures by the company. At the very least, employers, wh ile addressing disciplinary issues, should carry the required investigations for establishing the facts; convey to the employees the root cause of the problem; conduct a meeting to enable employees to present their case; permit the employee to be accompanied at the meeting; and allow the employee to appeal the decision. In addition, there should be no unreasonable delay and

Information Technology Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Technology Management - Assignment Example that it prepares me to become well grounded in the organizations fundamental theory, making of decisions, becoming a leader in the organization and learning the ropes of team work. By learning Information Systems, one becomes well versed with current research methods and new information technologies that are emerging (Turban & Wood, 2013). As globalization sets in, IS prepares you for the emerging opportunities in software systems industry in any part of the world. It is quite interesting since it exposes one to world cultures and available opportunities for growth through communications between different cultures, global development systems and languages. Information Technology Management equips one with relevant knowledge for the development of creative and effective solutions of IT based on an absolute understanding of business opportunities and challenges. ITM prepares one to have a strong technical foundation in new approaches to information systems development which is inclusiv e of planning, analyzing, designing and programming (Turban et al, 2006). My career objective is Information technology Manager. ITM will prepare me to manage a network of people working in systems development, provide maintenance for major applications and implementing them. Information technology managers as well as information systems managers are in charge of secure and effective computer systems operations, software and hardware and applications used in both private and public organizations (Standing and Jackson, 2008). No organization can run effectively with the absence of such professionals since their skills and competencies are an integral part of every organization despite of the size or area of specialization. They are useful in an organization since they are responsible for: The role of an IT manager in the banking sector and that of the healthcare industry has both similarities and disparities. In the banking sector an IT manager is comes across different challenges

Management and Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Management and Business - Essay Example Through its Technical Training College, KLM UK Engineering also offers Aviation Safety Agency Part 147 provisions. The company increasing customer base comprises Europe highly established airline operators plus leasing firms like British Airways and Air France. The main base of the company is Norwich International Airport, and the company has three hangars, around eight bays and a wider on site workshop. Moreover, the company has a line maintenance stations located at Edinburgh airport, Glasgow airport and Norwich airport. Due to the constant changing nature of the air industry, the burden on the company is mainly on its staff training. The challenge of training its technicians to support the maintenance demands of constantly renewed fleet is becoming heavy. This is mainly because modern Aircraft are being added to the growing carrier fleet with more advanced equipments, flight decks, and advanced forms of control structures. In addition to the incorporation numerous structural materials, therefore, the challenge is to get and maintain the right human resources and factors to ensure that its personnel skills keep pace with the constantly changing nature of the industry. The technology is changing at very a  rapid pace compared with the speed at which the company personnel are being acquainted with the changing landscape. Cost management is also a major challenge facing KLM UK Engineering due to the increasing industry wide concerns on maintenance efficiency (KLM UK Engineering Limited 5). KLM UK Engineering Limited mission is to offer its clientele with enhanced service solutions leading to safe and dependable aircraft delivered within the client schedule necessities under most favourable cost. KLM UK Engineering invests in talented plus experienced professionals and sustenance systems to enable its customers to attain their operational goals. We offer a competent, rate effective, and specialized aircraft maintenance management, in addition to providing

Daniel Suelo the Archetypal hero Essay Example for Free

Daniel Suelo the Archetypal hero Essay The book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, by Joseph Campbell proposes that all myths are essentially hero-quest stories, each of which rings a unique change on a universal pattern; a pattern he calls the â€Å"monomyth.† According to Campbell, the hero’s journey consists of three main moves: departure, initiation, and return. Within each of these categories is a number of stages common to the plots of all hero-quest stories, and can be compared to Daniel Suelos adventure throughout his life. According to the book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, the first move of the journey is departure which starts with the call to adventure. The call of adventure is how the journey starts and with Daniel Suelo it starts with him leaving the last of his money in a telephone booth and going for the adventure (accepting the call to adventure), so there is no direct indication of a call of adventure but leaving behind the money is probably the closest. Sometimes the hero does not accept the call to adventure and refuses it which turns the story to the negative, they lose their power and instead of the saving people, they are the one to be saved for refusing. After refusing their life changes from beautiful and colorful to boring dry and empty, and this is not the same as what happens to Daniel Suelo, but his life before was meaningless and he always wanted to take on the adventure (life with no money), so he probably refused the call before and accepted it later on. And for those who did not refuse the call, accepted it and took it on, the first thing the hero meets is a figure that is protective of them, and provides the hero help against whatever comes up on his or her journey. According to Daniel Suelos story, he has no supernatural aid, and no one on his side to help him with his journey,but later on in his life he does find a man, and has a relationship, and that relationship is possibly what kept him going, because he was very lonely, and his friend protected him from the feeling of being lonely. According to Joseph Campbell, the hero continues his journey until he comes to a threshold guardian, where he must cross the first threshold. This is where the hero must be brave to step in through the threshold to experience the unknown and compared to Daniel Suelos story, he accepted the call to  adventure and gets a supernatural aid, then must go through the threshold which is possibly him leaving his house and leaving his money in the phone booth and taking the world on without any money.The passage of the magical threshold is symbolized in the womb image of the belly of the wale. After the hero taking on the threshold, the hero will easily be sucked into the belly of the wale, and will appear as dead. Daniel Suelos adventure starts with him leaving his money, and ending up living in a cave in Utah, and that is where all his adventures start, and the cave is where he sleeps, which makes him appear as dead, then second day he wakes up hes stronger and hes ready to take on everyt hing. The second big move of the hero is initiation that starts with the road of trials that the hero must go through and experience, to get to the end of his journey. The hero must survive the trials, and this stage in a story in known to be the favorite phase of adventure,  where the hero will meet the unknown and be ready for the unexperienced. The trials in Daniel Suelos life is probably everything he has to face everyday to live human beings, to animals.Sometimes Daniel Suelo had to try his best to keep his cave up in Utah from police officers that wouldnt allow him to live on unused government property. He also how to go through trials asking for food, because Daniel used to only take food from those who offered, or from dumpsters, which is something that some businesses didnt like. For Daniel Suelo, everyday is a road of trials. After comparing Daniel Suelo to the archetypal hero Campbell refers to, its possible to see similarities him and the hero, but it is also hard to find muc h concrete similarities between the two. In the end, according to Campbell, I believe that Daniel is actually an archetypal hero that had to go through trails that each other hero went through in movies, old stories, and modern day story telling.

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay The PESTLE analysis was enunciated to ascertain the levels of the effects the external environment plays in the global market arena. The global market entry strategy remains an important focal point in global marketing as banks in an effort to enhance growth and survival expand to other foreign markets to remain competitive in a turbulent and ever changing business environment. This research took a cursory look at the various elements that determines the options available to financial institutions especially banks as the mode of entry varies based on different criteria and how such decisions are made, the advantages and disadvantages of joint ventures, strategic alliances and mergers acquisition were appropriately considered. These elements also includes the focal theories of marketing strategic environment, the eclectic, the business network, the institutionalization and the resource based theories of foreign direct investment, the different market entry choice open for banks was a nalysed. The market conditions that influences the decision of banks in selecting markets are analysed (the internal and external conditions), the market entry partner selection criteria was enunciated. Guaranty Trust Bank Plc. has taken a look at the disadvantages of the partnership style and hence opted for the choice of not adopting these styles of market entry as the countries it is participating in had not stringent protectionist regulation, all these countries of Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia all needed the influx of foreign direct investment from neighbour nations. GTBank however opted for the establishment of subsidiaries in these countries by taking the grow brand straight into the markets of its choice, the branded products were internationalized. This gives it the leverage to make definite decisions and determine the steps, pace and determine the direction in which it decides to operate. This mode of market entry strategy enhanced GTBanks chances of being innovative and to compete favourably in its continuous drive to attain maximum height in the global business environment it finds itself. This has contributed to the successive growth of the bank in the West African sub-region. Had it opted for the partnership strategy, it would have been restricted from undertaken and exploring the market as much as necessary the partial if not, total control of the principal it so attached itself to. This limits its capabilities and strides to the views and acceptance of the principal partner in the host country and this weakens its innovative drive. GTBank plc. in an effort to seek expansion has subsidiaries in emerging financial markets of Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Ghana and Gambia with a correspondent outlet in United Kingdom. This has brought in a revolutionary trend in the style and system of conducting banking business in the West African sub-region. It is along this line that this research examines the entries style and strategies employed and other considerations by the bank. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to the following for giving me full support through the course of this project.  Ã‚  Many thanks to the branch manager of GTB, and other department heads that helped me with my study. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Barny Morris for providing support and guidance whenever I needed it. Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to my father Mr Barda, and my sister Fatima Barda for supporting me throughout my years of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER ONE 2.0.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION The global financial meltdown has necessitated the re-strategizing of different financial institutions with Guaranty Trust Bank Plc Nigeria having to change its marketing strategies continuously and seek to internationalize by going into different foreign markets. There are two advantages that necessitated firms involving in global marketing, the idea of sustainable growth and expansion and a tacit route for survival in the ever competitive financial business environment (Buckley and Carson 1996). Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990, commenced operations in February 1991and became publicly quoted company on the Nigerian stock exchange in September 1996, In February 2002, GTBank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2003.  Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and successfully raised over N11 billion from Nigerian Investors to expand its operations and favourably compete with other global financial institutions. The Central Bank of Nigeria raised the minimum capital base of banks operating in Nigeria to N25 billion in 2005 as part of the regulating bodys efforts to sanitize and strengthen the financial institutions in Nigerian, GTBank subsequently met this criteria(CBN bulletin, 2006), in post-consolidation, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc made a strategic decision to actively pursue retail banking. A major rebranding exercise followed in June 2005, and GTBank began an aggressive expansion strategy and taking the product brand to Ghana, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leon, and a correspondence outlet in United Kingdom (GTB Home 2011) What are the Research Questions? 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the foreign market entry strategy that GTBank used in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the choices of foreign market entry option work for Guaranty Trust Bank in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the Market entry option strategy contribute to Guaranty Trust Bank competitiveness? Global marketing entry strategies has  [BM1]  been an underlining factor towards sustainable growth, expansion and survival of all financial institutions in the w[BM2]  orld, the rationale behind this research is to ascertain the importance financial institutions like GTBank derive from their  global entry strategies[BM3]  in the bid for competitiveness in the global financial markets. The last global financial crisis that led to several multi-global financial institutions like Goldman Sachs and Lehmann Brothers went bust and how a financial institution like GTbank may use its market entry strategies to effect and continue its quest for sustainable growth and continuous expansion Sceptics believe the doomsday was just postponed and not averted entirely  [BM4]  hence there is still a continued global feeling of another more clinical meltdown envisaged in the nearest future. For its continuing sustainability and expansions, GTBank choice of market entry strategy is vital so as to consolidate or plan its exit strategy as well. Financial institutions are said to be the engine room of all economic activities such as borrowing, investments, consumption spending, net exports, net government spending, and foreign exchange. This research will shed light on how Guaranty Trust Bank Plc stimulated these economic activities in different countries and enhances its growth by its choice of market entry options The aims and objectives of this Research The aim of this research is to look into the global market entry strategies, and how invaluable these strategies are to the overall theme of guaranty trust bank market entry strategy as it seek to expand into other territories.   Objectives of this research are; To review the global market entry strategies. Examine the actual and potential effects of global market entry strategies on Guaranty Trust Bank.   Examine the extent to which Global market entry strategy improves growth and sustainable expansion of Guaranty Trust Bank Methodology This research is based on a case study approach and is largely qualitative and primary data will be used as interviews will be conducted of six person in different departments of GTBank and data from educational Journals, periodical, educational Textbooks, Studies and Reports of institutions, Newsletters, internet sources in addition to erstwhile various related published educational sources will be extensively used. Organization of this Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Research is organized as follows: Chapter one contains the introduction to the study, which incorporates:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aims/objectives of the study  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An outline of the research methodology to be used in satisfying the aims  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research questions  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief outline of the subsequent chapters Chapter two consists of literature review and theoretical framework  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chapter  Summarise what other studies have done, their methods their results, and case studies   Chapter three contains methodology of Research  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describing the data, providing descriptive statistics about the data (charts and tables), explain data collection, explain the analysis of the data. Chapter four is the discussion of findings. Chapter five contains recommendations and conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER  TWO[BM5]   INTRODUCTION Rugman (1996) noted that global market entry strategic decisions are taken by firms due to economic reasons either for the purposes of expansion and sustainable growth or for the purpose of survival in a volatile competitive market environment  [BM6]   In the last decade there has been a  large significant  [BM7]  increase in cross-border entries  [BM8]  by banks,  it has been acknowledged that  inter in  [BM9]  recent years has exceeded the combined total of numbers of  partnership[BM10]  Ã‚  formed in decades (Aimin 2001, et al).  [BM11]   The over saturation of financial institutions in Nigeria led to  [BM12]  several banking groups to attempt expanding in provision of services to neighbouring countries and beyond. Craig and Douglas.,  [BM13]  (2006[BM14]  ) argued that market entry strategies are shaped by the dynamic interplay of the driving and restraining forces of globalization, with increasing and rapid technological advancement, the market need of the local economy, the firms seeking leverage, the quality of product introduced and the world economic trend while the restraining forces are organizational culture, market difference, management myopia, barriers and national control.[BM15]   As banks seek fast growth globally, the choice of market entry strategic mode became an issue, as it is an important decision for banks seeking global participation and competitiveness (Buckley and Carson 1996). The selection of an appropriate market entry mode in a foreign market may have considerable effect on a firm either it necessitates growth or causes extensive damage to a firms sustainable growth and survival  (Davidson, 1982[BM16]  ;  Gatignon and Anderson, 1988[BM17]  ; Root, 1994;  Terpstra and Sarathy, 1994[BM18]  ). The subsequent selection of an unsuitable entry mode may block opportunities and hinder growth by limiting the array of strategic market entry options available to the firm (Alderson[BM19]  , 1957); This could result in considerable financial losses to the firm, including the firms exit from the foreign market, an example is the Merrill Lynch failure in Japan in the 1980s, in its attempt to enter the private client services market, the mode of market entry was at variance with the Japanese protectionist foreign firm regulations at that time which was highly restrictive of foreign firms  (Hill, 2002).[BM20]   GTB plc. in its quest for global expansion and sustainable growth must undertake an extensive market research analysis to  [BM21]  study the foreign business environment it intends operating in as  Scott[BM22]  (1981) observed that the best way to organize a firm depends on the nature of the environment to which the firm operates. A  PESTLE  analysis is done to ascertain the viability and profitability of the intended local market before choosing an appropriate market entry mode based on that. Kotler (1998)  [BM23]  defined PESTLE Analysis as a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position and direction for Operations. Williams and Green (1997) suggested that the PESTEL Analysis also allows an Organisation to have a competitive advantage over other firms in the industry and this technique is used to evaluate and identify the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors in a given economy that would affect the operation of an organization. Source: Johnson   scholes[BM24]  Ã‚  (2008) The political factor is always necessary to be evaluated, in order to know the favourability of the political climate to market growth and development in a particular country, as the stability of government, its Taxation Policies, and Attitude towards  foreign investment is crucial to the survival of the firm. The foreign governments economic framework is accessed to measure the state of the economy by considering the GDP statistical growth, the wage level, the disposable income, Unemployment rate, business cycle and viability of participating in the country. The rate and growth of population is also measured to determine changes in the taste  [BM25]  and preferences of consumers, changes in the lifestyle of consumers and the level of education of the populace, which would have a great effect on the demand of the products or services provided by GTB plc. The laws and regulations that exist in the foreign business environment is gauged to ascertain the legislative constraints or changes, such as health and safety legislation, working regulations or restrictions on company mergers and acquisitions, minimum wage cap. Porter (1996[BM26]  ) believed environmental laws and regulation help push firms towards innovation that will reduce their cost against the cost of keeping to the regulation. The PESTEL analysis is a very relevant and useful tool in analysing the external business environment as Henry. (2008) posited that it allows the firm full and informed knowledge of the foreign business environment the firm intends entering, and contributes to the proper understanding of the competitive nature of the business environment that may affect the firm.  Hiebing[BM27]  Ã‚  et al (2011) advanced that, the nature of the competitors in the market, the consumers and government actions contributes in the development of a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors. From researching the business environment, the firm might be able to see disguised opportunities (Zheng,.2009) Other scholars Williams and Green (1997) considers PESTLE analysis as a waste of time since the business environment is unpredictable; such analysis might become needless, as the business environment is considered uncertain. The business environment is uncontrollable hence the probability of situations arising that cannot be  controlled[BM28]   FOCAL THEORIES OF MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES There have been different debates on the best entry mode option firms should use to enter foreign markets; most of these theories are focused on the manufacturing sectors with a peripheral research done on the services sector (Ekeledo and Sivakumar  1998[BM29]  ).   A financial institution like GTBank Plc offers products as well as services. There are several theories of foreign direct investment as it relates to the market entry strategies of firms and financial institutions, but for the purpose of this research 3 related theories will be analysed. The Business Network theory  [BM30]  as the business environment is crucial for the banks strategic participation, the  institutionalization theory  [BM31]  that focuses on the difference between the institutional laws, culture of the home or host country, the  Eclectic theory  [BM32]  as this looked at the concept of determining factors that categorized a firm as a host or source firm, and the resource based theory that look at resources as the main reason firm enter new foreign markets. The joint venture market entry mode, the strategic alliance market entry mode and the mergers and acquisition entry mode is also reviewed[BM33]  . Carson (1993) opined  the conceptualization of the business network theory is primed that the business market environment focuses on specific relationships between suppliers and the consumers as the two actors in business. At the heart of this approach lies the assumption that suppliers and customers are engaged in long-lasting relationships that they consider to be important for their business as empirical data related to some one thousand business relationships in European markets showed that most firms operate in markets where a limited number of customers account for a considerable proportion of the firms sales (Hakansson 1982; Turnbull and Valla 1986). The  institutionalization  theory  deals with the difference between the institutions in the country of origin and in the receiving subsidiarys country by understanding the complex differences between national business systems through gaining an understanding of institutions governing the way product labour and financial markets work and the way institutional sectors relate to one another ( Baptista, 2009) Such cross-national differences place various degrees of constraints on the international dissemination of practices within multinational firms (Fermer et al 2005). It has been proposed that the key variable in this context is institutional distance (Kostova and Zaheer 1999). This comprises the differences in the regulation, normative and cognitive institutions between countries, for example corporate tax policy, peoples attitude to gender issues, and knowledge about possible environmental threats. Dunning (1980) introduced the concept of an eclectic theory of foreign direct investments often referred to as the OLI paradigm, which refers to the determining conditions for a firm to be a source or a host, these acronyms stands for Ownership advantages which allows a firm to overcome the disadvantages of a foreign location, this can be a product, or a production process to which other firms do not have access, such as patent or trademark, Location considerations such as input costs, strategic interaction or trade policy which make it more profitable to produce in a country than to export to it and Internalization gains which makes it more profitable for a firm to undertake foreign production itself rather than dealing with a foreign partner more familiar with the local environment (Sodersten, Reed 1994). Markusen (1995, 1998) reviewed the OLI paradigm by listing major characteristics of firms as, that multinational firms are associated with high ratios of research development relative to sales, employ large number of scientific, technical workers as a percentage of total work-force, tend to have a high value of intangible assets, are associated with new and technically complex products, are negatively associated with plant level scale economies, are associated with product differentiation variables such as advertising to sale ratios, that the size of a firm is minimally unimportant to be considered a multinational and that multinational firms tend to be older more established firms ([BM34]  Marrewijk, 2002). Itaki (1991) argued that the concept of the eclectic theory is however flawed, as a result of the  redundancy  of  the  concept of ownership advantage, it is assumed redundant because it originates from  the  internalization and integration theories and that firms tend to acquire and exploit  the  ownership advantages and that  the  ownership advantage includes  the  cost  of  its acquisition and that after paying for  the  contribution  of  all  the  factor inputs, the firm makes super-normal profit that remains in  the  final results simply from  the  firms organizational power  in  various departments or sub units and  the issue of  the  inseparability  of  the  ownership advantage from  the  location advantage is another matter of note. The resource-based theory of foreign direct investments views firm-specific resources such as assets capabilities, as the focal drivers of a firms international business strategy, scholars such as Barney (1991), Bharadwaj et al, 1993, and Grant (1991) even though affirming the theory as the most effective theory of international business strategy considers the theory as largely conceptual and descriptive. Root, (1994) urged financial institutions and Banks entering foreign markets to decide on the most suitable entry strategy, the market entry option selection is interpreted to mean an appropriate means for firms to enter foreign markets to participate in international businesses by exploiting their advantages. Banks also need to arrange ownership, either as a wholly owned subsidiary, in a joint venture, or in strategic alliance.  There are several mode of market entry strategy adopted by banks when[BM35]  entering a new market as the entry mode choice is not necessarily straightforward. A bank may pursue different market entry routes in different foreign markets for different banking reasons.  Ã‚  There are often constraints to foreign entry in the banking sector which home governments try to regulate in other to protect the home banks, which add to the complexity of choice of market entry strategy.[BM36]   Joint ventures are considered as the best global market entry strategy and the most cost effective means of expanding to foreign business environment (Hunt and Morgan.,1995) It has been suggested that joint ventures occur as a result of the perceived insistence of nation government to encourage international firms for the purposes of foreign direct investments (Buckley and Carson 1996). Firms ordinarily though form alliances for the singular reasons of value chains and different product offerings. Joint equity are basically the type of joint venture nations governments do encourage because of the gains that can be offered in terms of shared technological advancements to the local firms. The advantages of joint venture to banks is that it addresses the issue of uncertainty by the combined creation of monitoring mechanism that could align such uncertainties for the partners, to reveal information, share technology, make decisions together and pursue certain goals collectively  Vernon (1983). This assertion was agreed upon by Pfeffer and Salancik(1978) who noted then that if the problems firms face are competitive and symbiotic, then it can be presumed that joint ventures are undertaken to reduce uncertainties and promote stability in the business environment.   Gringer (1991), Beamish and Danks(1987) noted that globally majority of banks establishes business partnerships when the perceived additional benefits outweighs the expected extra cost after undertaken a cost-benefit analysis. It was established by Harigan (1988) that firms form partnership for strategic reasons and argued that joint ventures can exacerbate competition, stabilize profit level, and precipitate in structural changes in vertical integration, technological scale of economies or industry traits. Blodgett (1991) noted that joint venture market entry strategic option could be advantageous in form